Kolkata
Traditional Bengali architecture is characterized by terracotta temples, intricate designs, and ornate terracotta reliefs. The infuence of Bengali architecture is particularly visible in North Kolkata, where you can fnd exquisite examples like the Dakshineswar Kali Temple and the Belur Math.
DAKSHINESHWAR
KALI TEMPLE
The Dakshineswar Kali Temple, situated along the eastern bank of the Hooghly River inKolkata, has a rich history dating back to the 19th century. It was under the influence of RaniRashmoni, a philanthropist and devotee of Goddess Kali, and her husband, Babu Raj ChandraDas,a prominent businessman and member of Brahmo Samaj, in 1855.
​
The temple complex comprises the main temple dedicated to Kali and 12 smaller shrinesdevoted to Lord Shiva (known as BARO SHIB ER MONDIR). The construction was completed in 1855, and the consecration of the idols took place in the presence of the famous saint, Ramakrishna Paramahamsa, and his elderbrother Ram Kumar Chattopadhyay.
​
The Dakshineswar Kali Temple exemplifies traditional Bengali temple architecture. The main temple is characterized by a distinctive nahabat, a music tower, and a central spire. Thespire features intricate detailing, including terracotta ornamentation and sculptures depicting mythological stories. The use of red and white colors on the exterior is a common characteristic of traditional Bengali architecture.
​
The temple complex is organized around a spacious courtyard, typical of traditional Bengali temple design. The courtyard is surrounded by smaller shrines and has a bathing ghat on theHooghly River. The design promotes open spaces and connectivity with nature, reflecting the cultural ethos of Bengal.
​
The Dakshineswar Kali Temple follows age-old practices that have been maintained over the years. Devotees gather for daily worship, and special festivals like KaliPuja are celebrated with great enthusiasm. The traditional art of "Aarti" is performed regularly, involving the waving of lamps and the singing of devotional songs.
​
The temple also practices "Bhakti Yoga" or the path of devotion, emphasizing surrender andlove towards the divine. Pilgrims participate in rituals, offer prayers, and seek the blessings ofGoddess Kali. The temple premises are open to people from all walks of life fostering a sense of inclusivity and unity.
​
Even today, the Dakshineswar Kali Temple continues to be a vibrant center of religious andcultural activities, attracting devotees and visitors alike. The enduring practices reflect the deep-rooted cultural and spiritual traditions of Bengal, making it a significant pilgrimage site.
BELUR MATH
Belur Math, situated on the west bank of the Hooghly River in Kolkata, has a significant history. It was founded by Swami Vivekananda, a disciple of Sri Ramakrishna Paramahansa, in 1897. The idea was to create a place that would symbolize the harmony of religions and serve as a center for spiritual and cultural activities.
​
The main temple at Belur Math is dedicated to Sri Ramakrishna and showcases traditional Bengali motifs, such as curved roofs, arched entrances, and detailed sculptures. The complex has other buildings that adhere to traditional Bengali architectural aesthetics, with elements like courtyards and verandas.
​
The practices at Belur Math have roots in ancient Indian spiritual traditions. The daily routine includes prayer, meditation, and the study of scriptures. The monks and followers engage in selfless service (seva) as a means of spiritual practice, following the principles set by Swami Vivekananda. The institution also emphasizes the importance of religious tolerance and the unity of all religions.
One significant practice at Belur Math is the celebration of festivals that cut across religious boundaries, promoting harmony and inclusivity. Additionally, the Math engages in various philanthropic activities, contributing to education, healthcare, and social welfare.
KALIGHAT KALI TEMPLE
The Kalighat Kali Temple, located in Kolkata, has a rich history that dates back centuries. Its origins are somewhat unclear, but it is believed to have been in existence since ancient times, with the present structure dating back to the 19th century.
​
The history of Kalighat Temple is intertwined with various legends and myths. It is said that the original temple was a small hut, and the area was a sacred spot for tantric rites and rituals. Because of this reason, this temple was also abandoned by Vaishnavas and followers of other gods of Hindu mythology. Over time, the temple underwent renovations and expansions, with the present structure being built in the 19th century.
The Kalighat Temple exemplifies traditional Bengali temple architecture. The main temple structure is adorned with intricate terracotta work, depicting mythological scenes and religious motifs. The distinctive red and white color scheme, a characteristic feature of Bengali temples, adds to the visual appeal. The spires of the temple, known as "ratnas," follow the traditional Bengali architectural style seen in many Kali temples across the region.
​
The practices at Kalighat Temple have been rooted in tradition for centuries. Devotees from various backgrounds visit the temple to seek blessings from Goddess Kali. The rituals involve the offering of flowers, sweets, and sometimes animal sacrifices as a symbolic gesture of devotion. Sacrifice of human lives has also been a part of the ancient practices in this temple,but has been abolished nowadays. The traditional Aarti (prayer ritual with lamps) is performed, accompanied by rhythmic drum beats and chanting of mantras.
The temple has been a significant center for pilgrimage, drawing devotees from different parts of India. Pilgrims often follow traditional customs like taking a dip in the adjacent Adi Ganga (original Ganges) to purify themselves before entering the temple premises.
COSSIMBAZAR RAJBARI
The Cossimbazar Rajbari, situated in the outskirts of Kolkata, has a rich historical background.
Originally constructed during the 18th century, the palace was the residence of the wealthy merchant family, the Jagat Seths. The Jagat Seths were prominent bankers who played a crucial role in financial matters not only during the Mughal era,but also during the reign of Siraj-ud-Daulah in Bengal province and the initial period of British Raj.
​
The architecture of Cossimbazar Rajbari reflects traditional Bengali styles prevalent during that period. Characterized by ornate terracotta work, arched doorways, and sloping roofs, the structure exudes the classic elegance of Bengal's architectural heritage. The intricate detailing on the terracotta panels showcases depictions of mythology, daily life, and religious motifs, adding a distinctive charm to the palace.
​
Even today, the Cossimbazar Rajbari maintains certain practices that have been handed down through generations. The courtyard of the palace is often used for cultural events, traditional ceremonies, and religious functions, connecting the past with the present. The architecture, with its open spaces and interconnected rooms, reflects the traditional Bengali concept of communal living and joint family structures.
​
In addition to its architectural significance, the Cossimbazar Rajbari has been a witness to various cultural practices. The family residing here has been actively involved in the promotion of local arts, music, and literature. This tradition of patronage to cultural endeavors continues to be a part of the Rajbari's identity.
MARBLE PALACE
The Marble Palace in Kolkata has a rich history, dating back to the mid-19th century. It was built by Raja Rajendra Mullick, a prominent Bengali merchant with a passion for art and culture. Completed in 1835, the palace reflects a blend of neoclassical and traditional Bengali architectural styles.
​
Throughout its history, the Marble Palace has been a hub for cultural gatherings, reflecting the Bengali tradition of fostering arts and literature. The Raja, known for his patronage of the arts, collected a vast array of sculptures, paintings, and artifacts from around the world, showcasing a diverse cultural heritage within the palace.
​
In terms of Bengali architecture, the Marble Palace showcases traditional elements such as ornate verandas, intricate carvings, and a spacious courtyard. The use of white marble, which is a distinctive feature, adds to the elegance of the structure. The mansion features a central courtyard with a large pond, surrounded by columns and galleries with detailed decorations.
The practices at the Marble Palace echo the cultural ethos of Bengal.
Even today, the mansion serves as a venue for cultural events, art exhibitions, and gatherings. The courtyard and galleries continue to host social and cultural functions, carrying forward the tradition of fostering artistic expression.
While the Marble Palace itself may not be associated with religious practices, it stands as a symbol of Bengal's cultural and artistic legacy. The palace has been open to the public since the mid-20th century, allowing visitors to appreciate the architectural beauty and cultural heritage it embodies.
